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KPV 5mg

KPV 5mg

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KPV is a potent anti-inflammatory peptide that has shown promise in a number of disease conditions. The most active research is in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease where the peptide has showed substantial promise. KPV has been shown in animal studies to be safe and effective when administered orally, intravenously, subcutaneously and transdermal. Research in wound healing also reveals that KPV and other alpha-MSH derivatives may offer a host of benefits that speed wound healing, reduce infection, fight inflammation, and lead to better cosmetic results. KPV and similar peptides could become mainstays not just in wound healing, but in scar reduction following surgery.

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Product Usage: This PRODUCT IS INTENDED AS A RESEARCH CHEMICAL ONLY. This designation allows the use of research chemicals strictly for in vitro testing and laboratory experimentation only. All product information available on this website is for educational purposes only. Bodily introduction of any kind into humans or animals is strictly forbidden by law. This product should only be handled by licensed, qualified professionals. This product is not a drug, food, or cosmetic and may not be misbranded, misused or mislabled as a drug, food or cosmetic.

KPV (ACTH(11-13), alpha-MSH)

KPV is the C-terminal peptide fragment of alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (alpha-MSH). It is one of many short peptide derivatives of alpha-MSH that has been tested to determine if they retain similar photoprotective properties, activity against ischemia, sexual effects, or benefits on feeding behavior and energy homeostasis. KPV, which is made up of lysine-proline-valine turns out to have significant anti-inflammatory effects[1]. The peptide is under active research as a potential therapeutic in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. It has shown evidence of potent anti-inflammatory activity in the central nervous system, GI tract, lungs, vascular system, and joints. Because KPV is a small peptide, it can be administered in multiple ways including oral, intravenous, and transdermal routes.

KPV Peptide Structure

Amino Acid Sequence: Lys-Pro-Val
Molecular Formula: C16H30N4O4
Molecular Weight: 342.43 g/mol
PubChem CID: 125672
CAS Number: 67727-97-3
Synonyms: MSH (11-13), ACTH(11-13), alpha-MSH(11-13)

Structure

Source: PubChem

KPV Research

Intestinal Inflammation

Perhaps the most important discovery to arise from KPV research is the finding that the peptide reduces intestinal inflammation. In mouse models of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), KPV shows robust results, reducing inflammatory infiltrates, MPO activity, and overall histological evidence of inflammation. Mice treated with KPV in the study recovered faster and had more pronounced weight gain than mice treated with placebo[2].

Further research on delivery mechanisms for KPV has revealed that loading KPV onto nanoparticles functionalized with hyaluronic acid helps to direct the inflammatory effects of the peptide to proper locations within the intestine. This leads to accelerated mucosal healing and alleviation of inflammation via a strong down regulation of TNF-alpha in mouse models[3]. In many ways, KPV is a more effective and more targeted means of reducing inflammation in IBD without affecting TNF-alpha in other locations in the body. The benefit of modifying KPV is in improving the peptide’s oral bioavailability. This does not increase the efficacy of the peptide, but does have an impact on potency and thus total dose require to achieve an effect.

Concentration

Source: PubChem

Research suggests that TNF-alpha is not the only inflammatory mediator that KPV has an impact on. The peptide also reduces NF-kappaB and mitogen-activated protein kinase activity. These effects work in tandem with TNF-alpha inhibition to reduce inflammatory changes in the intestine. Mice treated with KPV have substantially less colonic infiltration and normal colon lengths compared to controls[4]. Colon

Source: PubChem

Of interest in the graph above is the fact KPV appears to only have an effect in the setting of overblown inflammation. It has almost no effect in normal tissue. At least part of the reason for this is that KPV enters colonic cells via a transporter that is unregulated in the setting of inflammation. This suggests that KPV may be an effective preventative or maintenance medication in the setting of IBD. It can be safely taken even during quiescent periods because it has no effect. It taken regularly, then the peptide will be available when needed and simply excreted otherwise. Professor Didier Merlin, who has led a great deal of research into the potential GI benefits of KPV, has recently found that the peptide enters colonic cells via PepT1, a protein channel that is only expressed in any real quantity in the intestine during inflammatory states. This helps to explain why KPV is more effective in already inflamed settings. It also suggests a new mode of drug delivery that could be applicable to a number of conditions. By targeting proteins that are altered in disease conditions, even if they are not directly pathogenic, it may be possible to concentrate the activity of drugs in certain areas. This could allow for decreased dosing of drugs with serious side effects and the development of drugs that, while not potent on their own, are formidable therapeutics in the setting of the right disease state.

KPV as a General Anti-Inflammatory

As far back as 1984, research in rabbits revealed that KPV is a powerful anti-inflammatory and fever reducer (anti-pyretic). In this setting, however, KPV had lower potency than the full alpha-MSH molecule. This suggested to scientists at the time that KPV was lacking some portion of the alpha-MSH molecule necessary for full anti-pyretic activity[5]. What ensued was decades of research investigating various modified forms of alpha-MSH.

Perhaps the biggest lesson learned from these tests is that alpha-MSH and several of its analogues all reduce inflammation in a wide variety of disease. So far, the molecules have been tested in fever, irritant and allergic contact dermatitis, vasculitis, fibrosis, arthritis and inflammation of the eyes, brain, lungs, and gastrointestinal tract. In all cases, alpha-MSH is the most effective anti-inflammatory. Unfortunately, it suffers from one major side effect – it causes skin pigmentation. KPV, on the other hand, does not have this side effect. And even though KPV is not as potent as the intact alpha-MSH, its lack of side effects means that boosting levels to achieve desired target effects is theoretically possible in most cases[6].

The difference in potency has been found to be minimal, at best, as the majority of anti-inflammatory effects of alpha-MSH are, in fact, due to the KPV section. What is interesting, however, is that the parent molecule appears to be better at suppressing late-stage inflammatory reaction. In the case of contact dermatitis, for instance, alpha-MSH does a better job of preventing an allergic inflammatory response at 2 weeks post initial exposure. This suggests that alpha-MSH may be affecting some aspect of immune modulation that is separate from the immediate inflammatory response[7]. Work is still being done to determine what this process is.

Graph shows ear swelling due to contact dermatitis at 24 hours (left) and 2 weeks (right). Note that co-administration of KPV with the irritant is nearly as effective as co-administration of alpha-MSH with the irritant at 24 hours. At 2 weeks, however, exposure to the stimulus without co-administration of the peptides shows much less swelling with alpha-MSH compared to KPV.

Ear

Source: PubChem

Wound Healing

Wound healing is a complex physiological process. Scientists have identified three general phases in the wound healing process: inflammatory, proliferative, and remodeling. Each phase is characterized by differences in cell populations and cytokine concentrations and represents a unique chemical/physiological milieu for potential intervention. Research shows that even though each stage of the wound healing process is characterized by different skin cell subtypes, the majority of these cells express a melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) that binds alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. Of course, this also means that these cells types bind alpha-MSH analogues like KPV and KdPT as well[6].

Because these alpha-MSH derivatives retain some of the properties of alpha-MSH, but lack others, they offer potential benefits in wound healing. For instance, KPV offers the inflammatory properties of alpha-MSH, but lacks the pigment-inducing activity of its parent peptide. This makes KPV a good candidate for improving wound healing while avoiding the skin-changing characteristics often associated with natural scar formation (a phenomenon disproportionately affecting darker-skinned individuals).

One of the reasons that KPV is anti-inflammatory is that it participates in the innate immune response against two common skin pathogens. Research shows that KPV inhibits the growth of both Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. These benefits occur at physiological concentrations, meaning that KPV could provide an effective means of preventing infection in the setting of serious wounds like burns. This benefit of KPV is in contrast to other anti-inflammatory medications that actually inhibit the ability of the body to fight off infection. Thus, KPV combines anti-inflammatory activity with antimicrobial activity[8].

KPV actually serves as a structural model in recent research looking to replicate the anti-fungal effects of the peptide in novel therapeutics. The idea is that the 3D structure of KPV is what makes it an effective anti-fungal and that replicating this structure could allow researchers to develop compounds that have the same anti-fungal activity but different effects on other biological processes[9].

Scar Formation

In accordance with the known benefits of KPV in first stage (inflammation) of wound healing, research has also investigated its role in the other two stages of wound healing. It appears that KPV is able to reduce the kind of chronic inflammation that leads to hypertrophic scar (e.g., keloid) formation. This type of scarring is characterized by widespread macrophage infiltration, TNF immunoreactivity, and neutrophil abundance. Administration of alpha-MSH in this setting leads to smaller scars and a less drastic inflammatory response[10].  Similar effects have been noted in other tissues such as lung and heart. These findings raise the hope that KPV could be useful in preventing the kind of scarring seen with certain chemotherapy agents[11]–[13]. This would not only reduce the side effects of cancer treatment, but could allow for the use of increased concentrations of these medications and thus better outcomes in cancer treatment.

According to Dr. Didier Merlin, at least part of the benefit of KPV in reducing scar prominence appears to arise from its ability to modulate collagen metabolism. Alpha-MSH and its analogues suppress IL-8 secretion, which inhibits collagen type 1 production. This is important during the last phase of wound healing, remodeling, as it has been shown that people prone to keloid formation and hypertrophic scarring have less MC1R mRNA expression on dermal fibroblasts[14].

Wound

Source: Wiley Online Library

KPV versus Alpha-MSH

While alpha-MSH is the more potent molecule of the two, it has one serious disadvantage when compared to KPV – it causes skin pigmentation. This side effect alone has been enough to discourage further research into intact alpha-MSH as a potential anti-inflammatory. KPV is favored because it retains most of the anti-inflammatory properties of alpha-MSH yet has none of the side effects. KPV is also exceptionally easy to manufacture and thus has benefit from a cost and logistics standpoint as well[15]. Dr. Thomas Luger, a renowned dermatologist and expert in inflammatory diseases of the skin, has published on KPV extensively. His work demonstrates that the peptide has potent anti-inflammatory properties with few adverse effects.

It is also important to note that the anti-inflammatory effects of KPV appear to be mediated through a different mechanism than those of alpha-MSH. Whereas alpha-MSH binds to specific melanocortin receptors, KPV does not. Evidence of this comes from mouse studies in which blocking MC3/4 receptors, which mediate the anti-inflammatory effects of alpha-MSH, has no impact on the anti-inflammatory effects of KPV. Specifically, blocking these receptors does not block the leukocyte migration effects induced by KPV[16].

Another appealing aspect of KPV is the ease with which the peptide can be administered. Research in animal models has shown that KPV can be administered both orally, subcutaneously and via injection (peripherally or centrally) without serious side effects. Recently, similar research showed that KPV could be administered trans-dermally with success[17]. The ability to administer the drug via multiple routes is not just a matter of convenience either. Different routes of administration affect the way the peptide works and where its anti-inflammatory effects are targeted. The ability to alter the method of delivery makes it possible for scientists to target different areas within the body for treatment.

KPV Summary

KPV is a potent anti-inflammatory peptide that has shown promise in a number of disease conditions. The most active research is in the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease where the peptide has showed substantial promise. KPV has been shown in animal studies to be safe and effective when administered orally, intravenously, subcutaneously and through the skin. Research in wound healing also reveals that KPV and other alpha-MSH derivatives may offer a host of benefits that speed wound healing, reduce infection, fight inflammation, and lead to better cosmetic results. KPV and similar peptides could become mainstays not just in wound healing, but in scar reduction following surgery.

KPV exhibits minimal side effects, low oral and excellent subcutaneous bioavailability in mice. Per kg dosage in mice does not scale to humans. KPV for sale at Peptide Sciences is limited to educational and scientific research only, not for human consumption. Only buy KPV if you are a licensed researcher.

Article Author

The above literature was researched, edited and organized by Dr. E. Logan, M.D. Dr. E. Logan holds a doctorate degree from Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and a B.S. in molecular biology.

Scientific Journal Author

Didier Merlin, Ph.D. is a professor at Georgia State University and research career scientist at Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, Ga. His research area is the study of intestinal epithelia, as directly related to intestinal bowel disease (IBD). Over one million adults and children in the U.S., including members of the VA population, suffer from IBD, and about 50,000 new cases are diagnosed each year. The VA IBD patients have a much higher rate of colorectal cancer compared to the general population. New therapeutic strategies based on a better understanding of the pathogenesis of IBD will improve the clinical care of veteran and non-veteran patients with this disorder.

Didier Merlin is being referenced as one of the leading scientists involved in the research and development of KPV. In no way is this doctor/scientist endorsing or advocating the purchase, sale, or use of this product for any reason. There is no affiliation or relationship, implied or otherwise, between Peptide Sciences and this doctor. The purpose of citing the doctor is to acknowledge, recognize, and credit the exhaustive research and development efforts conducted by the scientists studying this peptide. Didier Merlin is listed in [4] under the referenced citations.

Referenced Citations

  1. M. E. Hiltz and J. M. Lipton, “Antiinflammatory activity of a COOH-terminal fragment of the neuropeptide alpha-MSH,” FASEB J. Off. Publ. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol., vol. 3, no. 11, pp. 2282–2284, Sep. 1989.
  2. K. Kannengiesser et al., “Melanocortin-derived tripeptide KPV has anti-inflammatory potential in murine models of inflammatory bowel disease,” Inflamm. Bowel Dis., vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 324–331, Mar. 2008, doi: 10.1002/ibd.20334.
  3. B. Xiao et al., “Orally Targeted Delivery of Tripeptide KPV via Hyaluronic Acid-Functionalized Nanoparticles Efficiently Alleviates Ulcerative Colitis,” Mol. Ther. J. Am. Soc. Gene Ther., vol. 25, no. 7, pp. 1628–1640, 05 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2016.11.020.
  4. G. Dalmasso, L. Charrier-Hisamuddin, H. T. T. Nguyen, Y. Yan, S. Sitaraman, and D. Merlin, “PepT1-Mediated Tripeptide KPV Uptake Reduces Intestinal Inflammation,” Gastroenterology, vol. 134, no. 1, pp. 166–178, Jan. 2008, doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2007.10.026.
  5. D. B. Richards and J. M. Lipton, “Effect of alpha-MSH 11-13 (lysine-proline-valine) on fever in the rabbit,” Peptides, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 815–817, Aug. 1984, doi: 10.1016/0196-9781(84)90027-5.
  6. T. Brzoska, T. A. Luger, C. Maaser, C. Abels, and M. Böhm, “Alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone and related tripeptides: biochemistry, antiinflammatory and protective effects in vitro and in vivo, and future perspectives for the treatment of immune-mediated inflammatory diseases,” Endocr. Rev., vol. 29, no. 5, pp. 581–602, Aug. 2008, doi: 10.1210/er.2007-0027.
  7. T. A. Luger and T. Brzoska, “α‐MSH related peptides: a new class of anti‐inflammatory and immunomodulating drugs,” Ann. Rheum. Dis., vol. 66, no. Suppl 3, pp. iii52–iii55, Nov. 2007, doi: 10.1136/ard.2007.079780.
  8. M. Cutuli, S. Cristiani, J. M. Lipton, and A. Catania, “Antimicrobial effects of alpha-MSH peptides,” J. Leukoc. Biol., vol. 67, no. 2, pp. 233–239, Feb. 2000, doi: 10.1002/jlb.67.2.233.
  9. M. F. Masman et al., “Synthesis and conformational analysis of His-Phe-Arg-Trp-NH2 and analogues with antifungal properties,” Bioorg. Med. Chem., vol. 14, no. 22, pp. 7604–7614, Nov. 2006, doi: 10.1016/j.bmc.2006.07.007.
  10. K. S. de Souza et al., “Improved cutaneous wound healing after intraperitoneal injection of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone,” Exp. Dermatol., vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 198–203, Mar. 2015, doi: 10.1111/exd.12609.
  11. C. Lonati et al., “Modulatory effects of NDP-MSH in the regenerating liver after partial hepatectomy in rats,” Peptides, vol. 50, pp. 145–152, Dec. 2013, doi: 10.1016/j.peptides.2013.10.014.
  12. G. Colombo et al., “Gene expression profiling reveals multiple protective influences of the peptide alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone in experimental heart transplantation,” J. Immunol. Baltim. Md 1950, vol. 175, no. 5, pp. 3391–3401, Sep. 2005, doi: 10.4049/jimmunol.175.5.3391.
  13. G. Colombo et al., “Production and effects of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone during acute lung injury,” Shock Augusta Ga, vol. 27, no. 3, pp. 326–333, Mar. 2007, doi: 10.1097/01.shk.0000239764.80033.7e.
  14. M. Schiller et al., “Human Dermal Fibroblasts Express Prohormone Convertases 1 and 2 and Produce Proopiomelanocortin-Derived Peptides,” J. Invest. Dermatol., vol. 117, no. 2, pp. 227–235, Aug. 2001, doi: 10.1046/j.0022-202x.2001.01412.x.
  15. T. Brzoska, M. Böhm, A. Lügering, K. Loser, and T. A. Luger, “Terminal signal: anti-inflammatory effects of α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone related peptides beyond the pharmacophore,” Adv. Exp. Med. Biol., vol. 681, pp. 107–116, 2010, doi: 10.1007/978-1-4419-6354-3_8.
  16. S. J. Getting, H. B. Schiöth, and M. Perretti, “Dissection of the anti-inflammatory effect of the core and C-terminal (KPV) alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone peptides,” J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther., vol. 306, no. 2, pp. 631–637, Aug. 2003, doi: 10.1124/jpet.103.051623.
  17. K. Pawar, C. S. Kolli, V. K. Rangari, and R. J. Babu, “Transdermal Iontophoretic Delivery of Lysine-Proline-Valine (KPV) Peptide Across Microporated Human Skin,” J. Pharm. Sci., vol. 106, no. 7, pp. 1814–1820, Jul. 2017, doi: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.03.017.

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The products offered on this website are furnished for in-vitro studies only. In-vitro studies (Latin: in glass) are performed outside of the body.  These products are not medicines or drugs and have not been approved by the FDA to prevent, treat or cure any medical condition, ailment or disease.  Bodily introduction of any kind into humans or animals is strictly forbidden by law.

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Your Agreement to Abide by All Applicable Laws

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Relationship between www.PeptideSciences.com and Users.

www.PeptideSciences.com and users of our Site are independent contractors, and no agency, partnership, employment or other relationship is created or is intended to be created by the use of our Web Site.

Governing Law and Jurisdiction

This Web Site (excluding linked sites, if any) is administered and controlled by www.PeptideSciences.com and its affiliates, subsidiaries, officers, directors, employees or agents from its offices in the accordance with the laws of Nevis. You agree that this Terms and Conditions of Use Agreement and this Web Site will be governed by and construed in accordance Nevis law without giving effect to any principles of conflicts of laws. You access this Web Site and/or associated services of www.PeptideSciences.com at your own risk, and remain responsible for complying with the laws of the jurisdiction within which you are located.

Prices; Payment Terms; Interest

The prices for the products and services on this Web Site are quoted, for convenience, in United States dollars and shall be as set forth in this Web Site as at the time of acceptance of an order by www.PeptideSciences.com. Prices for Products shall be subject to change without any further notice. Credit terms are within www.PeptideSciences.com's sole discretion, and unless otherwise specified in www.PeptideSciences.com's invoice, payment must be received by www.PeptideSciences.com prior to www.PeptideSciences.com's acceptance of an order.

Consequences

www.PeptideSciences.com reserves the right to suspend or terminate your account if you violate the Terms of Use Agreement. If your violation causes harm to others, you agree to indemnify and hold www.PeptideSciences.com harmless from and against any and all loss, damage, or expense. If any dispute arises between us regarding this Agreement or your use of this Web Site, it shall be resolved through good faith negotiations between the parties.

Entire Agreement

These Terms and Conditions and any terms incorporated or referred to herein constitute the entire agreement between www.PeptideSciences.com and you relating to your use of this Web Site and the subject matter hereof, and supersede any prior understandings or agreements (whether electronic, oral or written) regarding the subject matter, and may not be amended or modified except in writing, or by www.PeptideSciences.com making such amendments or modifications in accordance with this Terms and Conditions of Use Agreement.

Severability

If any part of this Terms and Conditions of Use Agreement is deemed or determined to be unenforceable, then such part shall be eliminated or limited to the minimum extent necessary. The remainder of this Terms and Conditions of Use Agreement, including any revised portion, shall remain and be in full force and effect. This Terms and Conditions of Use Agreement are the entire agreement between us governing your use of this Web Site.

Headings

The headings contained in this Terms and Conditions of Use Agreement and the www.PeptideSciences.com Privacy Policy are for reference only.

Force Majeure

www.PeptideSciences.com shall not be liable for any delay or failure in performance caused by circumstances beyond its reasonable control, including, without limitation, delays due to backorders of requested products, mail delays, customs delays or lost shipments. www.PeptideSciences.com shall not be responsible to notify the Customer in the event of such delays. The Customer shall be solely responsible to make other arrangements to purchase alternative products and any costs incurred in connection with such purchases.

Thank you again for visiting the www.PeptideSciences.com Web Site.

Complete Agreement

Except as expressly provided in a particular "legal notice" on this Site, these Terms and Conditions constitute the entire agreement between you and this Site with respect to the use of this Site, and Content. By clicking “I agree” when placing your order, you agree with ALL OF OUR TERMS and CONDITIONS as stated above as well as our Shipping and refunds Policy.

Thank you for your cooperation.