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Humanin 10mg

Humanin 10mg

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Humanin is a naturally occurring micro-peptide found in mitochondria. It protects cells from apoptosis and may be useful in staving off heart, eye, brain, and muscle diseases. Humanin is one of a select, small class of compounds targeting mitochondrial function and thus improving cellular energy efficiency and homeostasis.
 

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Product Usage: This PRODUCT IS INTENDED AS A RESEARCH CHEMICAL ONLY. This designation allows the use of research chemicals strictly for in vitro testing and laboratory experimentation only. All product information available on this website is for educational purposes only. Bodily introduction of any kind into humans or animals is strictly forbidden by law. This product should only be handled by licensed, qualified professionals. This product is not a drug, food, or cosmetic and may not be misbranded, misused or mislabled as a drug, food or cosmetic.

Humanin Overview

Humanin is a naturally occurring micro-peptide unique for the fact that it is encoded in the mitochondrial DNA (mitochondria contain a small amounts of DNA that is exclusive only to them). It functions as a cytoprotective protein, protecting cells from the process of apoptosis (programmed cell death) via interference with the normal operation of the Bcl2-associated X protein (Bax). Variations of humanin have been found in a number of mammals from humans to rats and is highly conserved across species[1]. Research shows that humanin is important in protecting neurons, cardiac tissue, muscle cells, the retina of the eye, and the lining of blood vessels.

Humanin Structure

Structure

Source: Pubchem Sequence: Met-Ala-Pro-Arg-Gly-Phe-Ser-Cys-Leu-Leu-Leu-Leu-Thr-Ser-Glu-Ile-Asp-Leu-Pro-Val-Lys-Arg-Arg-Ala Molecular Formula: C119H204N34O32S2
Molecular Weight: 2687.3 g/mol
PubChem SID: 16131438
CAS Number: 330936-69-1
Synonyms: formyl humanin, HNGF6A protein

Humanin Research

What Is a Micro-peptide?

Unlike standard peptides and proteins, which are produced through posttranslational modification of larger peptides, micro-peptides are produced by short, open reading frames (sORFs) and do not undergo modification once they are produced. Ranging in size from 100-150 amino acids in length, sORFs were originally overlooked by researchers convinced that all peptides were produced by the same process of DNA to RNA to protein to modified protein. No one considered that the last step, modification, could be disregarded entirely.

In humans, a number of sORFs have been identified. Their functions range from enhancing mRNA processing to helping to repair DNA damage and interacting with other proteins to create complex macro-proteins. Humanin, one of the smallest micro-peptides known to date, is just 24 amino acids in length. It interacts with the Bcl2-associated X protein (Bax) to regulate apoptosis, blocking the function of Bax when necessary to preserve cells that would otherwise be destroyed.

Neuroprotection

Research in rats indicates that humanin protects not just against apoptosis, but against programmed cell death in specific situations. In particular, the micro-peptide has been shown to protect neurons in the setting of Alzheimer’s disease, preventing the cell death that is induced by beta-amyloid plaque build-up[3]. Research shows that the peptide protects against excitotoxic neuron death in experiments using NMDA pulses[1].

Similar results to the above experiments were obtained when investigating neuron death occurring secondary to prion disease[4]. There is hope that this function of humanin can be exploited to slow or even halt neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s disease and other forms of dementia. Though it does not strike at the heart of the conditions (e.g. the formation of amyloid plaques in Alzheimer’s disease) humanin could be critical in tipping the delicate physiologic balance that plays out in these conditions, favoring the suspension of apoptosis[5].

Humanin appears to protect neurons through two different mechanisms, both of which have the ultimate function of preventing mitochondria from activating the apoptosis pathway. Under normal circumstances, the Bcl-2 family of proteins signal the release of proteins from the mitochondrial membrane, which in turn activate caspases that coordinate the orderly destruction and recycling of a cell[6]. This process is actually useful in many settings, such as during viral invasion, when the destruction of a handful of cells can prevent widespread tissue damage. Unfortunately, the process may become dysregulated in certain disease conditions with the result being unrestrained, widespread cell death. Humanin binds to Bcl-2 stimulating proteins Bid and tBid and blocks their function, thereby shutting down the apoptosis pathway at its origin[7].

Cutting edge research out of Argentina has found that humanin is actually released by astrocytes to protect synapses in hippocampal neurons[8]. As with many natural regulatory processes, there is some thought that humanin function may decline with age, thereby allowing for age-related memory loss and the increased prevalence of neurodegenerative disease. Some researchers speculate that there may be a role for humanin supplementation in older adults and a means of offsetting normal age-related declines in the production of this critical micro-peptide.

COA

Humanin levels in relation to age. A significant decline in humanin levels is seen in older individuals.
Source: PubMed

Humanin Interfaces with IGF-1

Recent research from the University of Southern California has revealed that humanin interacts with insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). In fact, the two peptides interact with one another, with humanin decreasing circulating levels of IGF-1 and IGF-1 influencing levels of humanin. Though the mechanism of this interact has yet to be fully elucidated, scientists find the evidence compelling that humanin is a new and potentially important player in IGF-1 signaling. The peptides have synergistic effects in a number of ways and work together to inhibit apoptosis, boost insulin sensitivity, reduce inflammation, and protect against certain forms of heart disease. In other cases, the peptides play antagonist roles. More research is needed to elucidate the exact ways in which IGF-1 and humanin influence one another, but that they do is an established fact[9].

Heart Disease

Research out of the Mayo Clinic, America’s premiere healthcare institution, reveals that humanin is expressed in the walls of human vasculature and helps to protect blood vessels from the effects of oxidized LDL (bad) cholesterol. In particular, humanin interferes with the production of reactive oxygen species (free radicals) in response to LDL oxidation. In so doing, it reduces reactive oxygen species in the vasculature by 50% and reduces apoptosis by 50% as well[10].

It has already been established that humanin levels decline with age, but new research suggests that the micro-peptide may also be affected by certain disease states. Researchers in cardiology have long sought to find blood markers that can be used to quantify how effectively mitochondria are functioning in the setting of cardiovascular disease. This is a critical measure of health in patients with heart disease because it gives a good estimate of how ischemic the tissue is and how advanced the disease is and may be useful in deciding when intervention is necessary. Research out of Russia shows that humanin levels may be a good marker in this setting as the decline in proportion to the severity of cardiovascular disease[11]. In this cause, humanin may serve as both a diagnostic marker and as a potential treatment for the same condition as supplementation with humanin is likely to protect the already stressed mitochondria.

Humanin Research and Retinal Disease

The retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) is a layer of the retina the overlies and nourishes the cells responsible for vision. It plays roles in absorbing and scattering light, filtering the blood components that reach the inner retina, and establishes the immune-privileged nature of the inner eye among other things. Damage to the RPE is seen in age-related macular degeneration as well as diabetic retinopathy and a handful of other common, serious diseases of the eye. Research now indicates that humanin is an important component in the RPE and that it decreases oxidative stress in this tissue. Supplementation with humanin, in cell culture, improves RPE function and increases the tissue’s resistance to apoptosis [12]. There is hope that this may help scientists to establish more effective treatment and preventative strategies for retinal diseases like macular degeneration.

Bone Health

Bone loss is a serious condition that affects may people, particularly women, as they age. It is also a consequence of a number of disease states and is even caused by certain medical interventions. In the latter category, glucocorticoids used to treat severe inflammation (e.g. autoimmune inflammation) are the most notorious player and are known to cause extreme bone loss when used in high doses or for prolonged periods of time. Researchers in Sweden and Korea have discovered that humanin may be beneficial to bones in two different ways. First, the micro-peptide has been found to prevent the death of chondrocytes (the cells that produce the collagen matrix on which bone is built) without interfering with the anti-inflammatory effects of glucocorticoids like dexamethasone[13]. This effect helps to boost rates of bone and cartilage growth, offsetting some of the accelerated bone loss caused by glucocorticoids. At the same time that humanin promotes chondrocyte development, it appears to reduce osteoclast formation. Osteoclasts are the cells responsible for bone breakdown and remodeling. While useful and important in normal physiologic function, over-activation of these cells in pathologic states leads to severe bone loss. By preventing osteoclast formation, humanin helps to reduce excessive bone remodeling and loss[14].

Humanin exhibits minimal side effects, low oral and excellent subcutaneous bioavailability in mice. Per kilogram dosage in mice does not scale to humans. Humanin for sale at Peptide Sciences is limited to educational and scientific research only, not for human consumption. Only buy Humanin if you are a licensed researcher.

Article Author

The above literature was researched, edited and organized by Dr. Logan, M.D. Dr. Logan holds a doctorate degree from Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and a B.S. in molecular biology.

Scientific Journal Author

Pinchas Cohen, MD, is the dean of the USC Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, executive director of the Ethel Percy Andrus Gerontology Center, and holder of the William and Sylvia Kugel Dean’s Chair in Gerontology. He is an expert in the study of mitochondrial peptides and their possible therapeutic benefits for diabetes, Alzheimer’s, and other diseases related to aging. Cohen’s current research focus is on the emerging science of mitochondria-derived peptides, which he discovered. These peptides include humanin, a 24-amino acid peptide encoded from the mt-16S-rRNA. It is a novel, centrally acting insulin sensitizer and metaboloprotective factor representing a new therapeutic and diagnostic target in diabetes and related disease. Other mitochondrial peptides of interest include MOTS-c, a second peptide encoded from a small ORF in the 12S region of the mitochondrial chromosome that has potent anti-diabetes and anti-obesity effect and acts as an exercise-mimetic, and SHLP2, a peptide encoded from the light strand of the mt-16S-rRNA region whose levels correlate with prostate cancer.

Dr. Alfonso Eirin has received his MD in 2004 from the University of the Republic in Montevideo Uruguay. Currently, he is working as a senior research fellow in the Division of Nephrology and Hypertension at Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN. Dr. Eirin’s research is focused on understanding the pathogenesis of renal and cardiac injury due to atherosclerotic renovascular disease (ARVD) and the developing of treatment strategies to improve blood pressure and renal outcomes after revascularization in these patients.

Dr. Pinchas Cohen and Dr. Alfonso Eirin are being referenced as leading scientists involved in the research and development of Humanin. In no way are these doctors/scientists endorsing or advocating the purchase, sale, or use of this product for any reason. There is no affiliation or relationship, implied or otherwise, between Peptide Sciences and these doctors. The purpose of citing the doctors is to acknowledge, recognize, and credit the exhaustive research and development efforts conducted by the scientists studying this peptide. Dr. Pinchas Cohen is listed in [9] and Dr. Alfonso Eirin is listed in [10] under the referenced citations.

Referenced Citations

  1. A. Caricasole, V. Bruno, I. Cappuccio, D. Melchiorri, A. Copani, and F. Nicoletti, “A novel rat gene encoding a Humanin-like peptide endowed with broad neuroprotective activity,” FASEB J. Off. Publ. Fed. Am. Soc. Exp. Biol., vol. 16, no. 10, pp. 1331–1333, Aug. 2002.
  2. PubChem, “Humanin.” [Online]. Available: https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/16131438. [Accessed: 11-Sep-2019].
  3. M. Matsuoka, “Humanin; a defender against Alzheimer’s disease?,” Recent Patents CNS Drug Discov., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 37–42, Jan. 2009.
  4. I. Sponne, A. Fifre, V. Koziel, B. Kriem, T. Oster, and T. Pillot, “Humanin rescues cortical neurons from prion-peptide-induced apoptosis,” Mol. Cell. Neurosci., vol. 25, no. 1, pp. 95–102, Jan. 2004.
  5. A. R. White et al., “Sublethal concentrations of prion peptide PrP106-126 or the amyloid beta peptide of Alzheimer’s disease activates expression of proapoptotic markers in primary cortical neurons,” Neurobiol. Dis., vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 299–316, Apr. 2001.
  6. C. Wang and R. J. Youle, “The Role of Mitochondria in Apoptosis,” Annu. Rev. Genet., vol. 43, pp. 95–118, 2009.
  7. D. Zhai, F. Luciano, X. Zhu, B. Guo, A. C. Satterthwait, and J. C. Reed, “Humanin binds and nullifies Bid activity by blocking its activation of Bax and Bak,” J. Biol. Chem., vol. 280, no. 16, pp. 15815–15824, Apr. 2005.
  8. S. C. Zárate, M. E. Traetta, M. G. Codagnone, A. Seilicovich, and A. G. Reinés, “Humanin, a Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide Released by Astrocytes, Prevents Synapse Loss in Hippocampal Neurons,” Front. Aging Neurosci., vol. 11, p. 123, 2019. 
  9. J. Xiao, S.-J. Kim, P. Cohen, and K. Yen, “Humanin: Functional Interfaces with IGF-I,” Growth Horm. IGF Res. Off. J. Growth Horm. Res. Soc. Int. IGF Res. Soc., vol. 29, pp. 21–27, 2016.
  10. A. R. Bachar et al., “Humanin is expressed in human vascular walls and has a cytoprotective effect against oxidized LDL-induced oxidative stress,” Cardiovasc. Res., vol. 88, no. 2, pp. 360–366, Nov. 2010.
  11. A. A. Zhloba, T. F. Subbotina, N. S. Molchan, and Y. S. Polushin, “[The level of circulating humanin in patients with ischemic heart disease.],” Klin. Lab. Diagn., vol. 63, no. 8, pp. 466–470, 2018.
  12. Sreekumar, Parameswaran & Ishikawa, Keijiro & Spee, Chris & Mehta, Hemal & Wan, Junxiang & Yen, Kelvin & Kannan, Ram & Hinton, David. (2016). The Mitochondrial-Derived Peptide Humanin Protects RPE Cells From Oxidative Stress, Senescence, and Mitochondrial Dysfunction. Investigative Opthalmology & Visual Science. 57. 1238. 10.1167/iovs.15-17053. 
  13. B. Celvin, F. Zaman, C. Aulin, and L. Sävendahl, “Humanin prevents undesired apoptosis of chondrocytes without interfering with the anti-inflammatory effect of dexamethasone in collagen-induced arthritis,” Clin. Exp. Rheumatol., Jun. 2019.
  14. N. Kang, K. W. Kim, and D. M. Shin, “Humanin suppresses receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand-induced osteoclast differentiation via AMP-activated protein kinase activation,” Korean J. Physiol. Pharmacol. Off. J. Korean Physiol. Soc. Korean Soc. Pharmacol., vol. 23, no. 5, pp. 411–417, Sep. 2019.

ALL ARTICLES AND PRODUCT INFORMATION PROVIDED ON THIS WEBSITE ARE FOR INFORMATONAL AND EDUCATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY.

The products offered on this website are furnished for in-vitro studies only. In-vitro studies (Latin: in glass) are performed outside of the body.  These products are not medicines or drugs and have not been approved by the FDA to prevent, treat or cure any medical condition, ailment or disease.  Bodily introduction of any kind into humans or animals is strictly forbidden by law.

Certificate of Analysis (COA)

High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)

Mass Spectrometry (MS)

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Your Agreement to Abide by All Applicable Laws

By using this Web Site you agree to comply with any and all local, state, or federal laws, statutes, and regulations that relate in any manner to the use of this Web Site and the associated services or products contained thereon.

Relationship between www.PeptideSciences.com and Users.

www.PeptideSciences.com and users of our Site are independent contractors, and no agency, partnership, employment or other relationship is created or is intended to be created by the use of our Web Site.

Governing Law and Jurisdiction

This Web Site (excluding linked sites, if any) is administered and controlled by www.PeptideSciences.com and its affiliates, subsidiaries, officers, directors, employees or agents from its offices in the accordance with the laws of Nevis. You agree that this Terms and Conditions of Use Agreement and this Web Site will be governed by and construed in accordance Nevis law without giving effect to any principles of conflicts of laws. You access this Web Site and/or associated services of www.PeptideSciences.com at your own risk, and remain responsible for complying with the laws of the jurisdiction within which you are located.

Prices; Payment Terms; Interest

The prices for the products and services on this Web Site are quoted, for convenience, in United States dollars and shall be as set forth in this Web Site as at the time of acceptance of an order by www.PeptideSciences.com. Prices for Products shall be subject to change without any further notice. Credit terms are within www.PeptideSciences.com's sole discretion, and unless otherwise specified in www.PeptideSciences.com's invoice, payment must be received by www.PeptideSciences.com prior to www.PeptideSciences.com's acceptance of an order.

Consequences

www.PeptideSciences.com reserves the right to suspend or terminate your account if you violate the Terms of Use Agreement. If your violation causes harm to others, you agree to indemnify and hold www.PeptideSciences.com harmless from and against any and all loss, damage, or expense. If any dispute arises between us regarding this Agreement or your use of this Web Site, it shall be resolved through good faith negotiations between the parties.

Entire Agreement

These Terms and Conditions and any terms incorporated or referred to herein constitute the entire agreement between www.PeptideSciences.com and you relating to your use of this Web Site and the subject matter hereof, and supersede any prior understandings or agreements (whether electronic, oral or written) regarding the subject matter, and may not be amended or modified except in writing, or by www.PeptideSciences.com making such amendments or modifications in accordance with this Terms and Conditions of Use Agreement.

Severability

If any part of this Terms and Conditions of Use Agreement is deemed or determined to be unenforceable, then such part shall be eliminated or limited to the minimum extent necessary. The remainder of this Terms and Conditions of Use Agreement, including any revised portion, shall remain and be in full force and effect. This Terms and Conditions of Use Agreement are the entire agreement between us governing your use of this Web Site.

Headings

The headings contained in this Terms and Conditions of Use Agreement and the www.PeptideSciences.com Privacy Policy are for reference only.

Force Majeure

www.PeptideSciences.com shall not be liable for any delay or failure in performance caused by circumstances beyond its reasonable control, including, without limitation, delays due to backorders of requested products, mail delays, customs delays or lost shipments. www.PeptideSciences.com shall not be responsible to notify the Customer in the event of such delays. The Customer shall be solely responsible to make other arrangements to purchase alternative products and any costs incurred in connection with such purchases.

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Complete Agreement

Except as expressly provided in a particular "legal notice" on this Site, these Terms and Conditions constitute the entire agreement between you and this Site with respect to the use of this Site, and Content. By clicking “I agree” when placing your order, you agree with ALL OF OUR TERMS and CONDITIONS as stated above as well as our Shipping and refunds Policy.

Thank you for your cooperation.