What Are Peptides?

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What Are Peptides?

Peptides and proteins are both made up of amino acids that are linked together (by peptide bonds, hence the name) in long chains called polymers. The only thing that separates peptides from proteins is how big they are. While there is no absolute cutoff, peptides are made up of fewer amino acids than proteins and hence are much smaller. In general, any amino acid chain that is longer than fifty residues in length is referred to as a protein. This is because after growing beyond 50 amino acids, peptides start to fold back on themselves creating shapes and bonds that are referred to as secondary structure. Peptides are almost always linear, with minimal secondary structure (lariat loops are sometimes observed), hence the size cut off.

So, peptides are smaller, simpler versions of proteins. But saying that does not do justice to the role these biochemicals play in everyday life. Research shows that peptides are primarily signaling molecules used to alter the ebb and flow of major biological systems. Peptides influence things like immune regulation, growth hormone release, extracellular matrix production, nerve cell growth and migration, and much more. Peptides are the keys to starting and stopping major biochemical cascades and, as such, are of the utmost importance to proper biological function.

It’s important to remember that we consume peptides on a daily basis. Eggs, milk, beans, meat, oats, and wheat all contain peptides, proteins, and various other biologically active molecules. In addition, many popular supplements, energy drinks, and health foods are enriched with peptides that help to improve body composition, boost energy, and aid digestion. Examples of common peptides found in everyday products include collagen and creatine.

 

Peptide Classes

Peptides are generally divided into groupings based on their function. For instance, there are antibacterial peptides, vaccine peptides, and anticancer peptides. Unfortunately, these peptide categories often overlap, which makes strict categorization difficult and confusing. For instance, brain peptides and immune peptides often overlap. The same is true of skin peptides and immune peptides as well as skin peptides and tendon peptides. Categorizing peptides by where they are located is an untenable approach because they are often found in various tissues.

Another way to categorize peptides that may be more useful is to consider their major actions. In that case, it would be useful to think about healing peptides, growth peptides, longevity peptides, fat-burning peptides, anti-inflammatory peptides, and so forth. While this approach is better than the above, it is still complicated by the fact that most peptides cross category boundaries. BPC-157, for instance, is a healing peptide and an anti-inflammatory peptide.

It is important not to get caught up in categories like “brain peptide” or “healing peptide” as they often don’t capture the entirety of a peptide’s biological activity. The better way to approach them is to look at the biochemical pathways they influence. Sermorelin acetate, for instance, influences the growth hormone (GH) pathway. This results in myriad effects including enhanced muscle growth, fat burning, telomerase stimulation, and more. If you understand the biochemical pathways that peptides interact with, it is simpler to categorize both their activity and their side effects, which is more useful than knowing what tissues they can be found in.

 

What Are Peptides Being Used For?

Peptides are increasingly used in everything from anti-aging products to cosmetics to medical treatments. Understanding peptides and their uses is critical not just for the informed consumer, but for the individual who wants to maximize health and thwart the effects of aging. There are a host of peptides that research shows are beneficial for various health concerns, but sometimes the sheer volume of information can be overwhelming. If you want to just cut to the chase to understand what the best peptides for health, read on to see how certain peptides can reduce inflammation, destroy microorganisms, slow the aging process, and promote wound healing.

 

What to Know About Peptides?

The most important thing to know about health peptides in 2021 is that they are critically important to just about every aspect of function and longevity. Simply put, peptides control the body. Research over the last several decades has helped to reveal that peptides are critical in modulating the aging process, controlling inflammation, fighting off infection, accelerating wound healing, boosting cognition, altering body composition, and much more.

It has taken modern medicine a while to come around to the idea that peptides are more than simple research novelties. In fact, peptides can optimize well-being by helping to restore balance to biological systems. A perfect example of this is sermorelin.

Research shows that the decline of growth hormone (GH) secretion that occurs with age is not just a consequence of aging, but a major driver of the aging process as well. Though this certainly raises a chicken-or-egg style conundrum, the research about GH supplementation is very clear. Restoring GH levels to more youthful standards via the use of peptides like sermorelin leads to a host of benefits that include increased muscle mass, reduced fat mass, improved cardiac function, improved memory and cognition, better sleep, and more1.

Peptides like collagen, which is found in almost every skin cream on the market today, have been in use for a very long time. Others, like PT-141 and BPC-157, which have been researched for quite some time, have only recently caught the attention of the world at large. The next several decades are likely to witness an explosion in the popularity of peptides as more and more funding focuses on these versatile small molecules.

 

What Are the Benefits of Health Peptides?

Research in both animal and human models shows that health peptides can have a host of beneficial effects. Examples of those effects include:

Research in both animal and human models shows that health peptides can have a host of beneficial effects. Examples of those effects include:

• Reduced inflammation2,3,

• Enhanced wound healing4,

• Reduced scar formation5,

• Increased muscle mass and strength6,7,

• Increased rate of fat burning8,

• Improved insulin resistance9,

• Increased bone strength and density10,

• Improved immune function11,

• Improved sleep12,

• Improved memory and concentration13,14, and

• Better skin tone and elasticity15–17.

 

Slowing the Aging Process

A handful of peptides, including sermorelin and epithalon, have been shown to alter the aging process at the level of DNA. These peptides activate an enzyme, called telomerase, that protects and repairs the end caps found on DNA (called telomeres). The degradation of telomeres over time is one of the primary signals that cells use to determine if they should divide and grow or not. If telomeres become too short, then cells stop dividing and tissue health declines. Peptides like sermorelin, by protecting telomeres, slow down the rate of tissue decline18,19.

Of course, there are other ways to slow down aging such as preventing DNA damage in the first place. Peptides that reduce oxidative damage include sermorelin, epithalon, ipamorelin, CJC-1295, BPC-157, and more. These peptides are anti-oxidants and prevent the kind of damage that leads to cancer, heart disease, dementia, and other diseases of aging2,20,21.

Finally, it is possible to slow down the appearance of aging separate from actually slowing the aging process itself. Many peptides can have this kind of impact including all of the peptides listed above as well as others like collagen, melanotan, and PT-141. Many of these peptides can reduce the appearance of wrinkles, improve skin elasticity, boost extracellular matrix production, improve body composition, and even improve skin tone.

 

Faster Wound Healing

Peptides can improve wound healing by influencing the growth hormone axis, boosting cell migration rates, reducing inflammation, and increasing the deposition of extracellular matrix components. A number of peptides such as VIP, KPV, BPC-157, sermorelin, and hexarelin have these abilities. Research shows that these peptides can improve the strength of wounds and reduce scaring.

BPC-157 is widely known for its healing properties, particularly for its ability to speed up the rate of tendon healing. Tendons are notoriously slow to heal, but research shows that BPC-157 not only speeds up the process, but actually makes it more effective as well. Tendons treated with BPC-157 heal stronger than those treated with a placebo4,22–25.

Other peptides, like TB-500 and KPV, have anti-microbial properties that help to ensure sterile wound healing. Infection is well-known to complicate healing, so any factor that helps to limit infection will have an impact on the rate of wound healing26,27.

Still other peptides increase the rate of blood vessel growth to help get nutrients and cells to the site of injury faster28. There are myriad ways that health peptides influence the both the rate and degree of wound healing. There is a great deal of research into how these peptides impact healing in the setting of chronic disease like diabetes and other immune system compromising conditions.

 

Building Lean Body Mass

There are three ways to improve lean body mass: build muscle, burn fat, or build bone. Promoting the shift to lean body mass is an excellent way to improve health by reducing the risk of serious chronic diseases like diabetes and heart disease.

As it turns out there are a number of peptides that can perform any one of these functions that promote lean body mass and still others that can achieve all three. Sermorelin, CJC-1295, GHRP-2, and others affect the GH axis and cause increases in bone density and muscle mass while helping to burn fat29. Ipamorelin has similar properties, but also has enhanced bone-strengthening effects. This has led to it being investigated as a potential treatment for osteoporosis10.

Peptides like AOD9604 and Tesofensine are targeted fat burners and though this can help to shunt resources toward bone and muscle building, they are primarily fat burning peptides8,30. Combined with exercise and appropriate diet, these peptides can not only lead to substantial fat loss, but to improvements in blood glucose levels, insulin resistance, and glucose tolerance as well31.

Simply put, a host of health peptides have been revealed through research to help shift the balance toward lean body mass and thus improved general health. There is ongoing research to understand not just how these peptides can be used therapeutically, but how they can be used to further research and understand the mechanisms that control body composition and identify root causes of conditions like the metabolic syndrome.

 

Summary of Peptides

Peptides are naturally present in the foods we consume and are often added to supplements, energy drinks, and fitness products to boost their effectiveness and improve health. Peptides for health have a variety of uses and can influence the biochemical pathways that control growth, body composition, cognitive function, immune response, and longevity.

Research into peptides is ongoing and continues to uncover not just beneficial properties of these short proteins, but improved means of storing, transporting, and administering them. The next decade will likely be filled with new insights into the power of peptides and their abilities to alter biochemistry in ways that stave off disease, dysfunction, and even death.

 

Resources

1. Schally, A. V. et al. Actions and Potential Therapeutic Applications of Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone Agonists. Endocrinology 160, 1600–1612 (2019).

2. Recinella, L. et al. Antinflammatory, antioxidant, and behavioral effects induced by administration of growth hormone-releasing hormone analogs in mice. Sci. Rep. 10, 732 (2020).

3. Kannengiesser, K. et al. Melanocortin-derived tripeptide KPV has anti-inflammatory potential in murine models of inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm. Bowel Dis. 14, 324–331 (2008).

4. Gwyer, D., Wragg, N. M. & Wilson, S. L. Gastric pentadecapeptide body protection compound BPC 157 and its role in accelerating musculoskeletal soft tissue healing. Cell Tissue Res. 377, 153–159 (2019).

5. de Souza, K. S. et al. Improved cutaneous wound healing after intraperitoneal injection of alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone. Exp. Dermatol. 24, 198–203 (2015).

6. Phung, L. T. et al. The effects of growth hormone-releasing peptide-2 (GHRP-2) on the release of growth hormone and growth performance in swine. Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 18, 279–291 (2000).

7. Hu, R. et al. Effects of GHRP-2 and Cysteamine Administration on Growth Performance, Somatotropic Axis Hormone and Muscle Protein Deposition in Yaks (Bos grunniens) with Growth Retardation. PLOS ONE 11, e0149461 (2016).

8. Astrup, A. et al. Effect of tesofensine on bodyweight loss, body composition, and quality of life in obese patients: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Lond. Engl. 372, 1906–1913 (2008).

9. Adeghate, E. & Ponery, A. S. Mechanism of ipamorelin-evoked insulin release from the pancreas of normal and diabetic rats. Neuro Endocrinol. Lett. 25, 403–406 (2004).

10. Andersen, N. B. et al. The growth hormone secretagogue ipamorelin counteracts glucocorticoid-induced decrease in bone formation of adult rats. Growth Horm. IGF Res. 11, 266–272 (2001).

11. Taub, D. D., Murphy, W. J. & Longo, D. L. Rejuvenation of the Aging Thymus: Growth Hormone- and Ghrelin-Mediated Signaling Pathways. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol. 10, 408–424 (2010).

12. Shepherd, B. S. et al. Endocrine and orexigenic actions of growth hormone secretagogues in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A. Mol. Integr. Physiol. 146, 390–399 (2007).

13. Li, B. et al. Neurotrophic peptides incorporating adamantane improve learning and memory, promote neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity in mice. FEBS Lett. 584, 3359–3365 (2010).

14. Semenova, T. P., Kozlovskiĭ, I. I., Zakharova, N. M. & Kozlovskaia, M. M. [Experimental optimization of learning and memory processes by selank]. Eksp. Klin. Farmakol. 73, 2–5 (2010).

15. Skin Biology, Bellevue, Washington 98006, USA, Pickart, L., Vasquez-Soltero, J. M., Pickart, F. & Majnarich, J. GHK, the Human Skin Remodeling Peptide, Induces Anti-Cancer Expression of Numerous Caspase, Growth Regulatory, and DNA Repair Genes. J. Anal. Oncol. 3, 79–87 (2014).

16. Pawar, K., Kolli, C. S., Rangari, V. K. & Babu, R. J. Transdermal Iontophoretic Delivery of Lysine-Proline-Valine (KPV) Peptide Across Microporated Human Skin. J. Pharm. Sci. 106, 1814–1820 (2017).

17. Abdulghani, A. A. et al. Effects of topical creams containing vitamin C, a copper-binding peptide cream and melatonin compared with tretinoin on the ultrastructure of normal skin - A pilot clinical, histologic, and ultrastructural study. Dis. Manag. Clin. Outcomes 1, 136–141 (1998).

18. Banks, W. A. et al. Effects of a growth hormone-releasing hormone antagonist on telomerase activity, oxidative stress, longevity, and aging in mice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 107, 22272–22277 (2010).

19. Khavinson, V. K., Bondarev, I. E. & Butyugov, A. A. Epithalon peptide induces telomerase activity and telomere elongation in human somatic cells. Bull. Exp. Biol. Med. 135, 590–592 (2003).

20. Anisimov, V. N., Mylnikov, S. V., Oparina, T. I. & Khavinson, V. K. Effect of melatonin and pineal peptide preparation epithalamin on life span and free radical oxidation in Drosophila melanogaster. Mech. Ageing Dev. 97, 81–91 (1997).

21. Storr, M. [Larazotide as an option in case of failure of a gluten-free diet]. Med. Monatsschr. Pharm. 39, 89–90 (2016).

22. Duzel, A. et al. Stable gastric pentadecapeptide BPC 157 in the treatment of colitis and ischemia and reperfusion in rats: New insights. World J. Gastroenterol. 23, 8465–8488 (2017).

23. Rucman, R. Stable pentadecapeptide salts, a process for preparation thereof, a use thereof in the manufacture of pharmaceutical preparations and a use thereof in therapy. (2017).

24. Chang, C.-H., Tsai, W.-C., Hsu, Y.-H. & Pang, J.-H. S. Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 enhances the growth hormone receptor expression in tendon fibroblasts. Mol. Basel Switz. 19, 19066–19077 (2014).

25. Cerovecki, T. et al. Pentadecapeptide BPC 157 (PL 14736) improves ligament healing in the rat. J. Orthop. Res. Off. Publ. Orthop. Res. Soc. 28, 1155–1161 (2010).

26. Carion, T. W. et al. Thymosin Beta-4 and Ciprofloxacin Adjunctive Therapy Improves Pseudomonas aeruginosa-Induced Keratitis. Cells 7, 145 (2018).

27. Cutuli, M., Cristiani, S., Lipton, J. M. & Catania, A. Antimicrobial effects of alpha-MSH peptides. J. Leukoc. Biol. 67, 233–239 (2000).

28. Dubé, K. N. & Smart, N. Thymosin β4 and the vasculature: multiple roles in development, repair and protection against disease. Expert Opin. Biol. Ther. 18, 131–139 (2018).

29. Murphy, M. G. et al. Oral administration of the growth hormone secretagogue MK-677 increases markers of bone turnover in healthy and functionally impaired elderly adults. The MK-677 Study Group. J. Bone Miner. Res. Off. J. Am. Soc. Bone Miner. Res. 14, 1182–1188 (1999).

30. Hansen, H. H., Jensen, M. M., Overgaard, A., Weikop, P. & Mikkelsen, J. D. Tesofensine induces appetite suppression and weight loss with reversal of low forebrain dopamine levels in the diet-induced obese rat. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 110, 265–271 (2013).

31. Heffernan, M. et al. The effects of human GH and its lipolytic fragment (AOD9604) on lipid metabolism following chronic treatment in obese mice and beta(3)-AR knock-out mice. Endocrinology 142, 5182–5189 (2001).

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Your Agreement to Abide by All Applicable Laws

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Relationship between www.PeptideSciences.com.com and Users.

www.PeptideSciences.com.com and users of our Site are independent contractors, and no agency, partnership, employment or other relationship is created or is intended to be created by the use of our Web Site.

Governing Law and Jurisdiction

This Web Site (excluding linked sites, if any) is administered and controlled by www.PeptideSciences.com.com and its affiliates, subsidiaries, officers, directors, employees or agents from its offices in the accordance with the laws of Nevis. You agree that this Terms and Conditions of Use Agreement and this Web Site will be governed by and construed in accordance Nevis law without giving effect to any principles of conflicts of laws. You access this Web Site and/or associated services of www.PeptideSciences.com.com at your own risk, and remain responsible for complying with the laws of the jurisdiction within which you are located.

Prices; Payment Terms; Interest

The prices for the products and services on this Web Site are quoted, for convenience, in United States dollars and shall be as set forth in this Web Site as at the time of acceptance of an order by www.PeptideSciences.com.com. Prices for Products shall be subject to change without any further notice. Credit terms are within www.PeptideSciences.com.com's sole discretion, and unless otherwise specified in www.PeptideSciences.com.com's invoice, payment must be received by www.PeptideSciences.com.com prior to www.PeptideSciences.com.com's acceptance of an order.

Consequences

www.PeptideSciences.com.com reserves the right to suspend or terminate your account if you violate the Terms of Use Agreement. If your violation causes harm to others, you agree to indemnify and hold www.PeptideSciences.com.com harmless from and against any and all loss, damage, or expense. If any dispute arises between us regarding this Agreement or your use of this Web Site, it shall be resolved through good faith negotiations between the parties.

Entire Agreement

These Terms and Conditions and any terms incorporated or referred to herein constitute the entire agreement between www.PeptideSciences.com.com and you relating to your use of this Web Site and the subject matter hereof, and supersede any prior understandings or agreements (whether electronic, oral or written) regarding the subject matter, and may not be amended or modified except in writing, or by www.PeptideSciences.com.com making such amendments or modifications in accordance with this Terms and Conditions of Use Agreement.

Severability

If any part of this Terms and Conditions of Use Agreement is deemed or determined to be unenforceable, then such part shall be eliminated or limited to the minimum extent necessary. The remainder of this Terms and Conditions of Use Agreement, including any revised portion, shall remain and be in full force and effect. This Terms and Conditions of Use Agreement are the entire agreement between us governing your use of this Web Site.

Headings

The headings contained in this Terms and Conditions of Use Agreement and the www.PeptideSciences.com.com Privacy Policy are for reference only.

Force Majeure

www.PeptideSciences.com.com shall not be liable for any delay or failure in performance caused by circumstances beyond its reasonable control, including, without limitation, delays due to backorders of requested products, mail delays, customs delays or lost shipments. www.PeptideSciences.com.com shall not be responsible to notify the Customer in the event of such delays. The Customer shall be solely responsible to make other arrangements to purchase alternative products and any costs incurred in connection with such purchases.

Thank you again for visiting the www.PeptideSciences.com.com Web Site.

Complete Agreement

Except as expressly provided in a particular "legal notice" on this Site, these Terms and Conditions constitute the entire agreement between you and this Site with respect to the use of this Site, and Content. By clicking “I agree” when placing your order, you agree with ALL OF OUR TERMS and CONDITIONS as stated above as well as our Shipping and refunds Policy.

Thank you for your cooperation.